![]() ![]() Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. "Development of Vi conjugate - a new generation of typhoid vaccine". "The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children". ^ Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC, et al.World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. ![]() Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ^ "Typhoid Vaccine Information Statement".The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. ^ a b c d Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A (May 2018)."Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018 - Recommendations". Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2019. ^ "Summary of the WHO Position Paper on Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper – March 2018" (PDF)."Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper – March 2018". ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l World Health Organization (2018).Activated whole cell vaccine remains available in some parts of the developing world as of 2008.Combined hepatitis A and Vi polysaccharide vaccine: ViVaxim and ViATIM ( Sanofi Pasteur) Hepatyrix ( GSK).Typhoid conjugate vaccine: Typbar-TCV (Bharat Biotech).Ty21a oral vaccine: Vivotif ( Emergent BioSolutions).Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine: Typhim VI ( Sanofi Pasteur) Typherix ( GSK).Schedule ĭepending on the formulation it can be given starting at the age of two (ViPS), six (Ty21a), or six months (TCV). In a trial in 2-to-5-year-old children in Vietnam, the vaccine had more than 90 percent efficacy in the first year and protection lasted at least four years. Vi-rEPA vaccine, a new conjugate form of the injectable Vi vaccine, may be more effective and prevents the disease in many children under the age of five years. The efficacy of these vaccines has only been demonstrated in children older than two years. The injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine prevented about two-thirds of typhoid cases in the first year and had a cumulative efficacy of 55% by the third year. The oral Ty21a vaccine prevents around one-half of typhoid cases in the first three years after vaccination. Newer vaccines such as Vi-TT (PedaTyph) are awaiting field trials to demonstrate efficacy against natural exposure. Ty21a, the Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, and Vi-rEPA are effective in reducing typhoid fever with low rates of adverse effects. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Due to side-effects newer formulations are recommended as of 2018. The first typhoid vaccines were developed in 1896 by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle. While it has not been studied during pregnancy, the non-live vaccines are believed to be safe while the live vaccine is not recommended. The injectable vaccine is safe in people with HIV/AIDS and the oral vaccine can be used as long as symptoms are not present. Minor side effects may occur at the site of injection. The vaccines available as of 2018 are very safe. In the United States the vaccine is only recommended in those at high risk such as travelers to areas of the world where the disease is common. Depending on the vaccine, additional doses are recommended every three to seven years. Vaccination campaigns can also be used to control outbreaks of disease. ![]() Otherwise they recommend vaccinating those at high risk. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccinating all children in areas where the disease is common. The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children. They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in question. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. ![]()
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